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The Rif War between Spain and the Rif Republic gave rise to a young Spanish officer named Francisco Franco - who later would become Spanish dictator. After Spain had almost lost the war against the Rifi people, they got help from France and WW1 hero Philippe Pétain.

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» SOURCES
Álvarez, José E., The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2001)

Balfour, Sebastian & La Porte, Pablo, “Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan
Wars, 1909–36”, European History Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2000)

Chandler, James M. “Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 10, No. 2, (1975)

Harris, Walter B,. France, Spain and the Rif, (London : Edward Arnold & Co., 1927)

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, “Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? The Politics of Contested Memory in Today's Morocco”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, (2012)

Pack, Sasha D, The Deepest Border : The Strait of Gibraltar and the Making of the Modern Hispano-African Borderland, (Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 2019)

Pennell, C R, A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, (Wisbech : Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986)

Pennell, C R, “Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, (1982)

Peyron, Michael, The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance, (London : Bloomsbury, 2020)

Sangster, Andrew, Probing the Enigma of Franco, (Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018)

Woolman, David S. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1969)


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Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander
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Research by: Mark Newton
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