The debate over whether civilians can be tried in military courts gained momentum after the tragic events of May 9, 2023. Supporters and opponents engaged in a legal battle in Pakistan’s Supreme Court. In October 2023, a five-member bench led by Justice Ijaz-ul-Ahsan ruled that civilian cases cannot be heard in military courts, declaring Section 2(1)(d) of the Army Act unconstitutional. The court directed that all cases related to the May 9 and 10 events should be processed in regular criminal courts. However, in December 2023, the federal government and provincial authorities challenged the decision in intra-court appeals. A 6-judge bench temporarily suspended the ruling in a 5-1 majority decision. In April 2024, some accused persons were released after completing their sentences, and in December 2024, the Supreme Court allowed a conditional verdict on 85 pending cases in military courts. This ongoing legal saga continues to shape the future of civilian trials in Pakistan.

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