This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of slavery in the Muslim world
00:02:48 1 Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia
00:04:46 2 Slavery in Islamic Arabia
00:04:56 2.1 Early Islamic history
00:08:00 2.2 Arab slave trade
00:11:57 2.3 Roles of slaves
00:13:16 3 Women and slavery
00:17:00 4 Choosing elite slaves for the grooming process
00:18:34 4.1 Rebellion
00:19:28 4.2 Political power
00:19:58 5 Slavery in India
00:22:40 6 Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
00:25:03 7 Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia
00:31:33 8 19th and 20th centuries
00:35:48 8.1 20th-century suppression and prohibition
00:37:24 9 Slavery in the late 20th and 21st century Muslim world
00:38:03 9.1 Islamist opinions
00:40:34 9.2 Mauritania and Sudan
00:42:37 9.3 Saudi Arabia
00:43:37 9.4 Libya and Algeria
00:45:20 9.5 Jihadists
00:47:04 10 See also
00:47:46 11 Bibliography
00:49:23 12 Further reading
00:54:27 13 Notes
00:54:51 14 External links
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Slavery in the Muslim world first developed out of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic Arabia, and was at times radically different, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful Emirs to harshly treated workers. Early on in Muslim history they were used in plantation labor similar to that in the Americas, but this was abandoned after harsh treatment led to destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, pastoralism, but the most common use was as soldiers, guards and domestic workers. Some rulers relied on military and administrative slaves to such a degree that the slaves were sometimes in the position to seize power. Among black slaves, there were roughly two females to every one male. Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world are 11.5 million and 14 million, while other estimates indicate a number between 12 to 15 million of slaves until the 20th century.Manumission of a slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins. Many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, were the poor and former slaves. In theory, slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial or color component, although this has not always been the case in practice. In 1990, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declared that "no one has the right to enslave" another human being. Many slaves were often imported from outside the Muslim world. Bernard Lewis maintains that though slaves often suffered on the way before reaching destination, they received well-treatment and some degree of acceptance as members of the household in the owners' houses.The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa. In the early 20th century (post World War I), slavery was gradually outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1924 when the new Turkish Constitution disbanded the Imperial Harem and made the last concubines and eunuchs free citizens of the newly proclaimed republic. Slavery in Iran was abolished in 1929. Among the last states to abolish slavery were Saudi Arabia and Yemen, which abolished slavery in 1962 under pressure from Britain; Oman in 1970, and Mauritania in 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007. However, slavery claiming the sanction of Islam is documented presently in the predominantly Islamic countries of the Sahel, and is also practiced in territories controlled by Islamist rebel groups, for instance in Libya.
