On June 7, Josephine Wolff, Association Profesor of Cyber Security Policy at The Fletcher School at Tufts University presented the keynote session, "International Cyber Conflicts and Development of Global Cyber Norms."

State-sponsored cyber campaigns have been an element of international conflicts for decades, but the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine has upended many assumptions and prior established patterns about how countries typically use cyber capabilities in the context of such conflicts. This talk considered prior examples of Russian cyberattacks in Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine, and focused on the uses of cyber capabilities by Russia, Ukraine, and other countries and private companies over the course of the ongoing conflict and consider the ways in which these stakeholders have diverged from previous examples of cyber conflict. Finally, the presenter reviewed the progress towards developing cyber norms through international forums since the early 2000s, and what lessons we can draw about cyberattacks and cyber conflict more broadly from this history, as well as how we can continue to update our ideas about the potential and risks of cyber capabilities for impacting international conflict.

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