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00:03:16 1 Early speculation
00:05:25 2 Habitability
00:06:42 2.1 Past
00:10:27 2.2 Present
00:11:46 2.2.1 Dormant subsurface life
00:12:28 2.2.2 Cosmic radiation
00:14:21 2.2.3 Cumulative effects
00:16:58 2.2.4 UV radiation
00:17:39 2.2.5 Perchlorates
00:19:15 2.2.6 Recurrent slope lineae
00:21:34 2.3 Nitrogen fixation
00:23:34 2.4 Low pressure
00:24:29 3 Liquid water
00:28:32 3.1 Silica
00:29:33 4 Possible biosignatures
00:30:08 4.1 Methane
00:36:46 4.2 Formaldehyde
00:37:33 4.3 Viking lander biological experiments
00:39:34 4.4 iCuriosity/i rover sediment sampling
00:40:51 4.5 Meteorites
00:42:23 4.5.1 ALH84001
00:43:35 4.5.2 Nakhla
00:45:02 4.5.3 Shergotty
00:45:43 4.5.4 Yamato 000593
00:46:45 5 Geysers on Mars
00:49:14 6 Forward contamination
00:51:27 7 Survival under simulated Martian conditions
00:52:38 7.1 Water salinity and temperature
00:54:09 8 Missions
00:54:18 8.1 Mars-2
00:55:11 8.2 Mariner 4
00:56:22 8.3 Viking orbiters
00:56:50 8.4 Viking experiments
01:01:46 8.5 Phoenix lander, 2008
01:04:16 8.6 Mars Science Laboratory
01:05:36 8.7 Future astrobiology missions
01:07:18 9 Human colonization of Mars
01:08:23 10 Interactive Mars map
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Speaking Rate: 0.9516137240096507
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of significant interest to astrobiology due to its proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no proof has been found of past or present life on Mars. Cumulative evidence shows that during the ancient Noachian time period, the surface environment of Mars had liquid water and may have been habitable for microorganisms. The existence of habitable conditions does not necessarily indicate the presence of life.Scientific searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century, and they continue today via telescopic investigations and deployed probes. While early work focused on phenomenology and bordered on fantasy, the modern scientific inquiry has emphasized the search for water, chemical biosignatures in the soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and biomarker gases in the atmosphere.Mars is of particular interest for the study of the origins of life because of its similarity to the early Earth. This is especially so since Mars has a cold climate and lacks plate tectonics or continental drift, so it has remained almost unchanged since the end of the Hesperian period. At least two-thirds of Mars's surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to abiogenesis, even if life does not or has never existed there.Following the confirmation of the past existence of surface liquid water, the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers started searching for evidence of past life, including a past biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic, or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic compounds on Mars is now a primary NASA and ESA objective.
The findings of organic compounds inside sedimentary rocks and of boron on Mars are of interest as they are precursors for prebiotic chemistry. Such findings, along with previous discoveries that liquid water was clearly present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Currently, the surface of Mars is bathed with radiation, and when reacting with the perchlorates on the surface, it may be more toxic to microorganisms than thought earlier. Therefore, the consensus is that if life exists —or existed— on Mars, it could be found or is best preserved in the subsurface, away from present-day harsh surface processes.
In June 2018, NA ...
