Partial discharge (PD) is a localised electrical breakdown that occurs within a small portion of an insulating material under high voltage stress. This breakdown doesn't completely bridge the gap between the two conductors, hence the term "partial."

How it Happens:
PD typically starts in voids or cavities within the insulating material, such as air bubbles in oil or cracks in solid insulation. When the electrical stress on this area becomes too high, it causes a momentary breakdown, creating a small spark or discharge.

While each individual PD event might be small, the cumulative effect over time can be significant. It leads to:
- Insulation degradation: The repeated discharges erode the insulation, weakening it and increasing the risk of complete failure.
Heat generation: PD produces heat, which can further accelerate insulation breakdown.
- Ozone generation: The discharge process creates ozone, a harmful gas that can also damage the insulation.

PD is a silent killer, often showing no external signs until it's too late. Therefore, regular monitoring and testing of high-voltage equipment is crucial. Techniques like:
- Ultrasonic detection: Detects the high-frequency acoustic emissions produced by PD.
- Radio frequency (RF) detection: Captures the electromagnetic radiation generated by PD.
- Partial discharge testing: Directly measures the electrical activity of PD.
are used to identify and assess the severity of PD.

Preventing PD involves careful design, manufacturing, and maintenance of high-voltage equipment. This includes using high-quality materials, proper installation, and regular inspections.

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