The Indian subcontinent, initially ruled by the British, became independent in 1947, resulting in the creation of India and Pakistan, and later Bangladesh in 1971.
Colonization began with European powers like the Portuguese in 1505, but the British East India Company dominated due to its ability to establish trade forts and self-governing militaries.
The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century allowed the British to exploit internal conflicts, subjugating regions through treaties and military superiority.
By the mid-19th century, the East India Company controlled much of India, extracting wealth, imposing unequal treaties, and crippling local industries like textiles and shipbuilding.
The 1857 Indian Rebellion, caused by widespread discontent and British exploitation, led to the British Crown taking direct control, marking the start of the British Raj.
British governance relied on divide-and-rule tactics, fostering Hindu-Muslim divisions and suppressing Indian leadership, which fueled nationalist movements like the Indian National Congress (INC).
The INC, under leaders like Gandhi, adopted nonviolent resistance, including boycotts and civil disobedience, gaining mass support despite British repression.
Post-World War II, India and Pakistan negotiated independence amidst heightened Hindu-Muslim tensions, resulting in partition and mass migrations, with over a million deaths.
Independence was formalized on August 15, 1947, and the princely states were integrated into India or Pakistan, though disputes like Kashmir's status persist today.
The French and Portuguese colonies in India were later incorporated, with Portugal's Goa annexed in 1961 after a military operation, solidifying India’s modern territorial boundaries.
Credits
- Research: Mrs Scope
- Audio: Seb. Soto
- Writing, voice over, and animation: Avery from History Scope
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Sources:
S. Tharoor (2016) Inglorious Empire. C Hurst & Co. London
A. von Tunzelmann (2007) Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire. Simon & Schuster. New York.
Credits
Image of Commonwealth of Nations: France-Pt9301. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
`1
Instrumental Oriental Music of India.
Date 27 December 2015
Source [ Ссылка ]
Author Music by Michael J. Burkard
2
Jai Bharati is composed by M. Dias and arranged by J. Rodriguez. The following is performance by the Indian Navy Band at Indian Navy Band Concert 2020.
Date 6 December 2020
Source [ Ссылка ]
(on Indian Navy's Official YouTube channel)
Author Indian Navy
Other versions [ Ссылка ]
3
Shri Nilotpala Nayike, rendered on the Veena by L Ramakishnan
4
Veena Kinhal - Haratanaya Sree
5
English: This musical program based on Indian classical music informs about Bandish, Sargam, Aroha, Avaroha, Gat and Gayan of the Raga
বাংলা: ভারতীয় শাস্ত্রীয় সঙ্গীতের ওপর আধারিত এই সঙ্গীত কার্যক্রম এই রাগের বন্দিশ, সরগম, আরোহ, অবরোহ, গত ও গায়নের ব্যাপারে তথ্যপ্রদান করে।
Date 21 July 2016
Source YouTube: Rag Bahar / राग बहार – View/save archived versions on archive.org and archive.today
Author NCERT OFFICIAL
6
L. Ramakrishnan: instrumental (Veena) improvisation – Alapana and tAnam – in the rAga kIravANI, recorded at Lars Nesbakken's home studio in Portland, Oregon, on January 1, 2004.
Date 1 January 2004
Source [ Ссылка ]
Author L Ramakrishnan
7
Wheel Of Karma
Artist: [ Ссылка ]
