Cause and effect of mutation
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What causes mutation
Spontaneous
Increases caused by environmental factors
UV light
X-rays
Benzene, formaldehyde, carbon tetrachloride
Gametic and somatic mutations
Gametic – testis of males, ovaries of females, inherited
Somatic – in normal body cells occuring beyond zygote formation, not inherited but may effect the person during their lifetime. Chimaeras
Mutagens and their effects
Viruses and microorganisms – integrate into human chromosome, upset genes and can trigger cancer
Mutagens and their effects
Environmental poisons – Organic solvents such as formaldehyde, tobacco, coal tars, benzene, asbestos, some dyes
Mutagens and their effects
Alcohol and diet – High alcohol intake increase the risk of some cancers. Diet high in fat and those containing burned or highly preserved meat
Mutagens and their effects
Alcohol and diet – High alcohol intake increase the risk of some cancers. Diet high in fat and those containing burned or highly preserved meat
Beneficial mutations
Bacteria – antibiotic resistance through mutation, transfer between bacterial species
Superbugs such as MRSA have arisen this way
RNA viruses – such as HIV – mutates it’s protein coat so that the host human is unable to make antibodies quick enough against it
Neutral mutations
Neither harmful or beneficial to the organism but may be important in an evolutionary sense
Silent mutations
Virtually impossible to detect because no observable effect
