Fertilization is an internal process in human beings. It takes place inside the body of the female.
Semen which contains the sperms is introduced into female genital tract by the penis during copulation. The deposition of sperms in the vagina is called insemination.
Human sperms are motile and rapidly swim towards the ovum lying in the fallopian tube. Sperms travel through cervix into uterus and reach ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian tube. Within 5 minutes about 100 sperms reach the fallopian tube.
The ovum released by the ovary is also transported to the ampullary isthmic junction where fertilization occurs. Ovum has not completed its second meiotic division is released in the secondary oocyte stage.
The fusion of ovum and sperm is called fertilization. This can occur only if the ovum and the sperms are transported simultaneously to the ampullary isthmic junction. Fertilization is possible only during the first 24 hours after ovulation.
The egg is surrounded by many sperms, but only one sperm succeeds in fertilizing the egg and the others degenerate. The sperm passes through the egg membrane corona radiata and reaches zonapellucida.
The acrosome in the sperm head breaks and releases hyaluronidase enzyme along with other enzymes named lysins. These enzymes dissolve the egg envelopes and make the way for sperm entry.
The plasma membrane of sperm then fuses with the plasma membrane of ovum.
This triggers the ovum to complete its second meiotic division. The second meiotic division is also unequal and results in the formation of a haploid ovum (ootid) and second polar body. The latter immediately degenerates.
Soon after the entry of the first sperm, the cortical granules located just behind the ooplasm secrete enzymes, which thickens the zonapellucida.
This further prevents the entry of other sperms into the ova.
The sperm nucleus moves to the egg nucleus and fuses with it. This is called karyogamy which leads to the mixing of genetic information of both the parents.
The resultant cell is called zygote which is diploid.
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