Mantra 2 is explained. Atman is absolute existence. It has 3 states of existence – waking, dream and dreamless state – that can be known by the mind. The fourth, known as Turiya, is not really a state, but complete reality. Goal of Vedanta is to know this state.
Mandukya Upanishad is the shortest Upanishad with only 12 mantras it. Gaudapada, who was the teacher of Shankaracharya’s teacher, Govindapada, wrote an explanatory Karika on it. This work popularly known as Mandukya Karika (that includes the Upanishad) is considered to be the first and most important work on Vedanta after the Upanishads.
The philosophy throughout the book is a clear presentation of Advaita Vedanta based on arguments. In the process, it decimates every other philosophy.
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