Modern CPU architectures are categorized into 2 broad categories, CISC or Complex Instruction Set Computer and RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. The categories have become increasingly blurred over the years as many of the features from each side have been implemented by the other.
CISC architectures are focused on hardware, they use complex instructions, often one instruction can take multiple cycles to execute. CISC instruction are more sophisticated to decode and increase the complexity and power consumption of the hardware. The advantage of CISC is that programs can be much smaller.
RISC architectures are focused on software. Instruction are much simpler, almost always 1 instruction per cycle. This mean that program require more instructions to complete the same task, and require more memory to store the instructions. The hardware however is less complex and consumes less power.
We also discuss Microcode a technique that imposes an interpreter between the hardware and the architectural level of a computer. This helps CISC systems offset some of the efficiency differences by managing some of the translation from “higher level” to “lower level” machine code.
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If you have not seen the Little Man Computer (LMC) series of videos, they are highly recommended before this one you can find them here:
* A recommended introduction to Little Man computer video here: [ Ссылка ]
* A "Hello LMC" video where we do a smaller program and talk more in-depth about the instruction cycle and basic instructions: [ Ссылка ]
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* Finally we explore iteration, labels and advanced LMC: [ Ссылка ]
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CISC vs RISC: Complex vs Reduced Instruction Set Computer
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