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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ found on the right side of the abdomen, just underneath the liver. The gallbladder is responsible for the storage of the digestive fluid known as bile, which is produced by the liver. A gallbladder has three layers – the innermost layer, the middle layer (muscular), and the outermost layer (serosal). Gallbladder cancer is an irregular growth of cells that originates in the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is very uncommon, one of the rarest. When diagnosed at an early stage, the chances of curing gallbladder cancer are very good. Unfortunately, most gallbladder cancer cases are discovered in the late stages, when the prognosis is usually very poor. Gallbladder cancer goes unnoticed until it has advanced because it does not have specific signs or symptoms. Likewise, the hidden nature of the gallbladder makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being noticed. The cost of Gallbladder Cancer Treatment in India depends on the stage of cancer which varies from USD 6000 to USD 8000. Both surgical and nonsurgical treatments are available for Gallbladder Cancer. After complete analysis, doctor recommends the right treatment depending on stage and severity of the disease. Surgery to remove the gallbladder and some of the tissue around it. Part of the liver and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. Stages of gallbladder cancer To determine the extent of spreading, numbers (0 through IV) are assigned to the diagnosis. The process is called gallbladder staging. The gallbladder staging are:
Stage 0 (known also as carcinoma in situ): This stage is limited to the mucosal (the innermost) layer of a gallbladder.
Stage I: In this stage, cancer has spread to the connective tissue or the muscularis layer.
Stage II: In this stage, the cancer has moved beyond the visceral peritoneum (the tissue that covers the gallbladder) to the liver, and/or another nearby organs, like the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, bile ducts, connective tissue or adjacent lymph nodes.
Stage III: In this stage, the cancer has spread to the liver or the organs near it, and perchance to the lymph nodes.
Stage IV: In this stage, the cancer has reached the adjacent lymph nodes, and/or organs located far from the gallbladder.
Gallbladder diagnosis To diagnose gallbladder cancer, stage and plan its treatment the following analysis may be required:
Blood tests (Liver function tests to be precise): This shows how well the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts are functioning. It also gives clues about what could be causing the symptoms.
Ultrasound testing: Images of the gallbladder and the liver are generated from sound waves for physical assessment.
CT scan.
MRI scan.
Percutaneous Trans-hepatic cholangiography (PTC), an X-ray imaging.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Biopsy.
Causes
The exact cause of gallbladder cancer is yet unknown. However, like other cancers, what we do know is an error (known as a mutation) in a person’s DNA leads to an uncontrolled rapid growth of cells.
As the number of cells proliferates (that is, multiplies), a mass or tumour forms. If left untreated, these cells in the long run spread into nearby tissues, and to distant parts of the body.
It is found that gallbladder cancer forms when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. These mutations cause cells to grow out of control and to continue living when other cells would normally die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that can grow beyond the gallbladder and spread to other areas of the body.
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