This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Caliphate
00:05:37 1 Etymology
00:06:18 2 Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
00:06:31 2.1 Succession to Muhammad
00:10:05 2.2 Rashidun Caliphs
00:11:54 2.3 Ali's caliphate and the rise of the Umayyad dynasty
00:12:58 3 Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
00:14:56 4 Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258, 1261–1517)
00:15:11 4.1 Abbasid Caliphs at Baghdad
00:16:53 4.2 Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517)
00:18:09 5 Parallel caliphates to the Abbasids
00:19:06 5.1 Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
00:20:47 5.2 Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
00:22:15 5.3 Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269)
00:24:08 6 Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)
00:27:35 6.1 Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
00:29:27 7 Parallell Caliphates to the Ottomans
00:29:37 7.1 Yogyakarta Caliphate (1755-2015)
00:30:13 7.2 Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
00:30:51 7.3 Khilafat Movement (1919–24)
00:31:55 8 Sharifian Caliphate (1924–25)
00:32:43 9 Non-political caliphates
00:33:04 9.1 Sufi caliphates
00:33:33 9.2 Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)
00:36:34 10 Religious basis
00:36:43 10.1 Qur'an
00:38:38 10.2 iHadith/i
00:41:29 10.3 Prophesied Caliphate of the Mahdî
00:41:56 10.4 The iSahaba/i of Muhammad
00:43:35 10.5 Views of Islamic theologians
00:45:43 11 Period of dormancy
00:46:57 11.1 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2014–present)
00:48:21 11.2 Ahmadiyya view
00:51:00 11.3 Islamic call
00:53:02 11.4 Al-Qaeda's Caliphate goals
00:54:24 11.5 Opposition
00:55:09 12 Government
00:55:17 12.1 Electing or appointing a Caliph
00:56:19 12.2 Sunni belief
00:57:02 12.3 Shi'a belief
00:59:19 12.4 iMajlis al-Shura/i
01:01:27 12.5 Accountability of rulers
01:03:06 12.6 Rule of law
01:05:07 12.7 Economy
01:11:55 13 Notable caliphs
01:14:09 14 See also
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة khilāfah) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah, pronunciation ), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community). Historically, the caliphates were polities based
in Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. During the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates.Prior to the rise of Muhammad and the unification of the tribes of Arabia under Islam, Arabs followed a pre-Islamic Arab polytheism, lived as self-governing sedentary and nomadic communities, and often raided their neighbouring tribes. Following the early Muslim conquests of the Arabian Peninsula, the region became unified and most of the tribes adopted Islam.The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was established immediately after Muhammad's death in 632. The four Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Muslim community, were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy. The fourth caliph, Ali, who, unlike the prior three, was from the same clan as Muhammad (Banu Hashim), is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad. Ali reigned during the First Fitna (656–661), a civil war between supporters of Ali and supporters of the assassinated previous caliph, Uthman, from Banu Umayya, as well as rebels in Egypt; the war led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate under Muawiyah I in 661.
The second caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, was ruled by Banu Umayya, a Meccan clan descended from Umayya ibn Abd Shams. The caliphate continued the Arab conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, ...
