Karl Hermann Frank was born on the 24th of January 1898 in Carlsbad, today's Czech Karlovy Vary, then part of Austria-Hungary. After the occupation of the Czech lands, Karl Hermann Frank was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer which was a rank equivalent to Major General and appointed Secretary of State of the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under Reich Protector Konstantin von Neurath. The Second World War began on the 1st of September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. 2 years after the war began on 23 September 1941, Hitler relieved Neurath of his active duties and stripped him of his day-to-day powers. The reason was that despite the persecution of Czech Jews and the harsh crackdown on those who turned to acts of resistance, his rule overall was too lenient by Nazi standards. Neurath, who even tried to restrain the excesses of his police chief, Karl-Hermann Frank, still remained the Reich Protector on paper, but the real power was held by Reinhard Heydrich, who was named his deputy on the 29th of September 1941. Adolf Hitler gave Heydrich a mandate to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were extremely important to the German war effort. After Heydrich arrived in Prague, he told his staff: "We will Germanize the Czech vermin“ and demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. Although the working relationship between Heydrich and Karl Hermann Frank was initially tense, the two men, both being ambitious and brutal, became an effective duo in treating the Czechs harshly. In October 1941, just 1 month after Heydrich’s arrival, the systematic deportation of Jews from the territory of the Protectorate started with the transports to the Łódź Ghetto which was located in German-occupied Poland. By the 3rd of November the same year, 5000 Jews were deported to the ghetto. Only 277 out of 5000 Jews deported to the Łódź Ghetto survived. In November 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, established the Theresienstadt Ghetto which was located in the fortress town of Terezín, in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The first transport of Czech Jews arrived in the same month. Heydrich and Karl Hermann Frank launched a reign of terror in the Protectorate. According to Heydrich's estimate, between 4,000 and 5,000 people were arrested and between 400 and 500 were executed by February 1942.
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