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✅ Overview
S P I N A L C O R D
The spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the L1/L2 vertebra where it terminates as the conus medullaris (medullary cone). Remember the mnemonic:
“SCULL” for ‘Spinal Cord Until L2’ for how far it goes in the canal. In adults the spinal cord occupies only the upper 2/3rds of the vertebral canal.
A thin thread called filum terminale extends from the tip of the conus medullaris all the way to the 1st coccygeal vertebra (Co1) and anchors the spinal cord in place.
✅ Segments
Like the vertebral column, each segment of the spinal cord provides several pairs of spinal nerves, which exit from vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina. There are 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair of spinal nerves (a total of 31 pairs).
In adulthood, the vertebral column is longer than the cord, each spinal cord segment is located higher than its corresponding vertebra. These differences become more obvious distally towards the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. Ex: spinal cord segment L5 is at the level of the L1 vertebra.
Spinal nerves, however, exit the vertebral column at their correspondly numbered vertebrae. Cervical spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina directly above their corresponding vertebrae, while thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal nerves exit directly below.
Since the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves are the farthest from their intervertebral foramina, they are the longest. While descending towards their corresponding intervertebral foramina, lumbosacral spinal nerves form a bundle distal to the conus medullaris, called the cauda equina (meaning horse’s tail) which occupy the lumbar cistern.
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