Domenico Losurdo was born on 14 November 1941 and died on 28 June 2018. He was an Italian Marxist philosopher and historian. Born in Sannicandro di Bari, Losurdo obtained his doctorate in 1963 from the University of Urbino. He was Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Urbino. Losurdo criticised the concept of totalitarianism, especially in the works of Hannah Arendt. He argued that totalitarianism is a polysemic concept with origins in Christian theology, and that applying it to the political sphere requires an operation of abstract schematism which makes use of isolated elements of historical reality to place fascist regimes and the USSR in the dock together, serving the anti-communism of Cold War-era intellectuals rather than reflecting intellectual research. Losurdo wrote Liberalism: A Counter-History, which is highly critical of the European intellectual tradition of liberalism. He argues that liberalism, which purports to emphasize the importance of individual liberty, has long been marked by its exclusion of people from these rights, resulting in racism, slavery, and genocide. Losurdo asserted that the origins of fascism and national socialism are to be found in what he views as "colonialist" and "imperialist" policies of the West. He examined the intellectual and political positions of intellectuals on modernity. In his view, Kant and Hegel were the greatest thinkers of modernity, while Nietzsche was its greatest critic. He died at 76 years old.
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