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The ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) : Respiratory Physiology USMLE Step 1
The ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a measure of the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. It is the ratio of the amount of air entering the alveoli (ventilation) to the amount of blood flow through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli (perfusion).
Ideally, the V/Q ratio should be close to 1, which means that the amount of air entering the alveoli is matched with the amount of blood flow through the capillaries. In this situation, there is efficient gas exchange, and the body can receive enough oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide effectively.
However, in certain conditions, the V/Q ratio can be disrupted. For example, in cases of pulmonary embolism, where a blood clot obstructs blood flow to a part of the lung, the V/Q ratio in that area becomes very low because blood flow is reduced or absent, but ventilation continues. In this case, there is a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion, leading to impaired gas exchange.
Other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can also affect the V/Q ratio by reducing air flow in the lungs or affecting blood flow to the capillaries, leading to decreased gas exchange efficiency. Measuring the V/Q ratio can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring these conditions, and in some cases, treatments may be aimed at improving the V/Q ratio.
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