Siyam(fasting) is staying away from food, drink, and desire (with intention) from fajr until maghrib.
Fasting of Ramadan is fard/it is not an option.

1. Virtues:
The Prophet ﷺ said, “Whoever prays on Laylatul Qadr out of faith and sincerity, they shall have all their past sins forgiven."

NOTE: any hadith that mentions all sins will be forgiven it means minor sins. Major sins require a tauba.

2. Wisdom
a. It purifies your soul
b. It makes you feel hunger like the poor.

3. Who should fast?
- Muslim
- Adult (If a child has not reached puberty they can fast if they want, as training.)
- Sane
- Healthy
- Not a traveler
- Not a time of menstruation for women. They have to make up missed fasts later, but they don't make up salah

4. Calculation of the start of Ramadan is not necessary because the Prophet (saw) provided us with clear instruction:
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “Do not fast (for Ramadan) before the coming of the month until you sight the crescent or complete the number (of thirty days); then fast until you sight the crescent or complete the number (of thirty days).”

ONE trustworthy man who sees the moon is enough to mark the start the month of Ramadan
TWO trustworthy people are needed to mark the start of the new month of Shawwal, which ends Ramadan.

5. You should have intention for Ramadan. Either:
- one intention for the whole month
- an intention every night

Suhur and intention are the same. Can you make an intention after fajr, for obligatory fasts? NO.

time mark 9:43

6. Who should not fast?
- Sickness. When fasting will either make the condition worse, or it will delay healing. Usually this status is determined by a Muslim doctor. If you are not near a doctor and feel as though you will faint, you may break your fast.

NOTE: Brand new convert/reverts should train themselves to fast before Ramadan begins. Normally fasting is easier for adults than for children, but everyone's health and condition is different.

- old age

If the person's sickness or condition is temporary then they will make up the fasts.
If the sickness or condition (such as old age) is permanent then they pay money (1/2 sa')
(about $15/day)

NOTE: If you cannot fast optional fasts (with a valid excuse), it's good to feed a person who is fasting, to get the same reward.

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