Cristóbal Balenciaga was a Spanish Basque fashion designer and the founder of the Balenciaga fashion house. He had a reputation as a couturier of uncompromising standards and was referred to as "the master of us all" by Christian Dior. His bubblegum-pink ruffled dresses, often called "Baby Dolls", are among the most recognizable designs of the 20th century.
Balenciaga was born in the Basque town of Getaria, Spain, to a fishmonger father and seamstress mother. He originally intended to become a tailor, but his plans changed when he moved to Paris in 1919 to study fashion design. In Paris, Balenciaga was hired by Jacques Doucet, a leading fashion designer, who recognized the young Spaniard's talent.
Balenciaga opened his own fashion house in Spain in 1937, but due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he was forced to close it down and move to Paris. There, he reopened his house in August 1939, just in time for the start of World War II.
During the war, Balenciaga's designs were much sought-after by both the Allied and Axis powers. In 1942, he even designed a dress for Maria Antonia, the wife of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.
After the war, Balenciaga's star continued to rise. He became one of the most important fashion designers in the world, and his clothes were worn by some of the most famous women of the day, including Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, and Jackie Kennedy.
In 1968, at the age of 71, Balenciaga retired from fashion design. He died two years later, in 1970.
Today, the Balenciaga fashion house is owned by the French luxury goods conglomerate Kering. It is headed by Demna Gvasalia, who has been creative director since 2015.
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