Source Links: [ Ссылка ] & [ Ссылка ] & [ Ссылка ] & [ Ссылка ] & [ Ссылка ] "The study of specific genetic and environmental effects may provide one avenue by which to explore some potentially influential sources of underlying vulnerability for a wide array of politically relevant behaviors, such as violent response to political losses, etc. The mechanism underlying this relationship appears to also be linked to catecholamine metabolism. Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAOA) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are both responsible for catecholamine metabolism in the brain and have also been previously implicated in power seeking and dominance behavior.
Population differences in the MAOA have been demonstrated to exist. For instance, the MAOA 3-repeat allele has a much higher incidence in the Maori population in New Zealand. Among this population, the frequency of the polymorphism exists in about 60% of the population. Caucasian populations in comparison have a prevalence of approximately 30 to 35%. [2-,] 3- and 5- repeat MAOA alleles are classified as the low activity alleles and the 3.5- and 4- repeat alleles as high activity."
"Studies on the Global Variation in the Frequencies of Functionally Different Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Alleles, have also found that the COMT allele frequencies, like the MAOA allele frequencies, vary significantly between geographic regions and populations around the world.
In addition to the variation in allele frequencies between geographic regions, there is also considerable and significant variation within each region, except in East Asia. For example, African low -activity COMT frequencies range between 7% and 38% , European and Southwest Asian between 33% and 62%, East Asian between 15% and 31%, North and Central American between 16% and 55%, and South American between 1% and 34%. Additionally, within the European and Southwest Asian region, we also see a significant difference in low-activity COMT allele frequencies between the six European populations (Adygei, Russians, Mixed Europeans, Finns, Danes, and Irish; 51%) and the two Southwest Asian populations (Yemenites and Druze; 36%). However, there is still significant variation among the six European populations. A post-hoc analysis based on observed differences in low-activity COMT allele frequencies reveals significant difference between, but not within, populations. This amount of variation has profound implications for the interpretation of association and linkage studies between this marker and complex behaviors and diseases in different populations.
An atypical aspect of the pattern is the relatively large difference between the strictly European and the South West Asian populations.
Our study confirms and extends earlier studies of ethnic differences in COMT enzyme activity in which 18% to 27% of Caucasians, 1.5% of Asians (Filipino and Chinese), 7% of blacks, and 28% of Saami (an ethnic group in northern Norway) were found to have low COMT enzyme activity.
Our molecular results agree with studies of phenotypes at this marker. [...] There is clearly higher heterozygosity in Europe as a whole than in other geographical regions."
Might this geographical difference in low-activity MAOA and low-activity COMT allele frequency distribution be one of the explanations for the persistence of Valerie M. Hudson's and Rose McDermott's Patrilineality/Fraternity Syndrome in Africa, parts of South America, Southwest Asia and East Asia, but not in regions controlled and inhabited by majority Northwest European-derived populations?
"In this Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome, men seek to control women precisely because they are dependent upon them to reproduce the group and sustain its existence and power. The group privileges men and boys and parallels this privilege by demoting women to lesser status. The first political order, which is the relationship between men and women in the household, thus becomes a negative force of domination.
Why would men be privileged? For many, the fraternal bond of strength and allegiance of men in groups guarantees their security against outsiders and against state power.
Why is identifying the roots of the Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome important? This Syndrome unleashes a host of consequences on states: poor governance, increased conflict and national insecurity, poor economic performance, demographic pressures, deterioration in environmental quality, and poor health and educational outcomes. In general, the citizens of Syndrome states are doomed to a less productive and more conflict-prone existence than those in non-Syndrome countries."
