As the general population continues to age, spine surgeons are encountering an increasing number of patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Recent advances in technology and understanding improve our diagnostic and therapeutic options in this population and may improve outcomes. Additionally surgeons can help lower the risk of hardware failure through their surgical technique. The purpose of this learning activity is to provide an update on the diagnosis and preoperative treatment of osteoporosis in patients who have been indicated for spine surgery and review intraoperative techniques that may lower the risk of hardware failure.

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