Gram staining is a widely used laboratory technique that allows bacteria to be classified into two groups based on their cell wall structure. The technique involves staining bacterial cells with crystal violet, then treating them with a decolorizing agent, and finally counterstaining them with safranin. The resulting color of the cells can help to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain, giving them a purple color. Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridium tetani.

On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides. The decolorizing agent removes the crystal violet stain from the cell wall, making them colorless, but the counterstain safranin stains the cells pink. Examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica.

The Gram stain is an essential tool in microbiology and is often used to guide the choice of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections.
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