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Sigma (Cavitation index) is used to quantify and predict cavitation in control valves.

In simple words, Sigma is the ratio of the potential for resisting formation of vapor bubbles to the potential for causing formation of vapor bubbles.

Cavitation in control valve : In a control valve, if the liquid's pressure falls below its fluid vapor pressure, vapor bubbles will form and these bubbles burst after the pressure is increased beyond the vapor pressure curve is called cavitation in control valve

Flashing and cavitation in control valves : In a control valve, if the liquid's pressure falls below its fluid vapor pressure, and if the downstream pressure remains below the vapor pressure of the fluid, the process condition is called flashing.

Choked flow control valve : Choked flow is the point at which decreasing downstream pressure will not increase the flow through a valve. At this point the velocities are the highest and cavitation at this stage is very severe.

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Also, one of the recommended channel for Automation related content is Realpars youtube channel

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Timestamp

01:15 Cavitation in Control Valve
02:03 Flashing and cavitation in Control Valve
02:31 Cavitation Index in Control Valve
03:05 Control Valve Cavitation Index Calculation
03:38 ISA RP 75.23 Cavitation Index levels
06:12 Chocked Flow Control Valve
07:12 Real World example of Cavitation index from Flowserve

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