The Philippine-American War Explained in 8 Minutes
After the discovery of the New World, Spain colonized large parts of the Americas. The Spanish Empire was at its peak during the 18th century. Spain’s colony was so large in the Americas that 4 separate Viceroyalties were established in order to manage such a vast empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain was established first in 1521.
The Philippine Archipelago was colonized in 1565. The name Philippine is derived from the name of King Philip II of Spain. It was incorporated into the governance of the Viceroyalty of New Spain as the “Captaincy General of the Philippines”.
By the mid-19th century, Spain had lost all of its holdings after wars of independence spread in the Americas. Spain only had Cuba, Puerto Rico in the Americas & Guam & the Philippines in Asia.
War broke out between Spain & the United States of America in 1898 known as the “Spanish-America War”. It was a disaster for Spain. It lost the last remaining lands of the once-mighty Spanish Empire. Cuba achieved its independence & Puerto Rico & Guam fell to the United States.

In the Philippines, already there was a revolution going on against the Spanish since 1896 by the group called Katipunan under Andres Bonaficio. Soon, Emilio Aguinaldo succeeded Bonaficio & became the leader of the revolution.
During the Spanish-American War, Emilio was promised by the US that they would help the Philippines get liberated from Spanish rule. The Americans also assured Emilio that the US does not have any interest in Asia and they would leave once Spain has been defeated. Believing this, Emilio allied himself with the US.

The Spanish were already in a weakened position. The Philippine Revolution that was raging since 1896 was ultimately turning into a Filipino victory. So, it made the weakened Spain an easier target for the US. Spain was defeated by the US in the Battle of the Manila Bay on 1st May 1898. But after this battle, the intentions of the Americans seemed quite different from what was promised to Emilio Aguinaldo before.
Nevertheless, Emilio Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on 12 June 1898 from his hometown of Kawit.
In the Treaty of Paris between Spain & the US, no representative from the Philippines was invited. The Spanish refused to accept defeat at the hands of the Filipinos. Instead, they chose to surrender to the Americans. Spain decided that would rather give up the Philippines to the US but not to the Filipinos. The US paid $20 Million to Spain & took control of the Philippines.
In the face of this betrayal from the US, Emilio Aguinaldo established the First Philippine Republic in Malolos on 23 January 1899 & he became its First President.
This ultimately led to the Philippine-American War.
On 23 March 1901, some American soldiers with the help of few Filipinos who were on the side of the Americans penetrated into Aguinaldo's camp in Palanan. Aguinaldo was captured and taken to Manila.
On 1 April 1901, Aguinaldo accepted the authority of the US over the Philippines. On 19 April, he issued a formal surrender to the US. General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Philippine govt. & continued the fight.
After a hard-fought campaign in the thick jungles of the Philippines by US General Franklin Bell, finally, Miguel Malvar surrendered on 16 April’ 1902 bringing an official end to the War.
The war continued by the newly formed Tagalog Republic under Macario Sakay between 1902 to 1906 & the Sulu Sultanate between 1902 to 1913.
The Philippines remained as a US protectorate until 1942 when it was invaded by Japan during WW II. Japan occupied the Philippines until its defeat in WW II in August 1945 & the US reoccupied the country.
On 4 July’1946, the United States completely transferred power to the Filipinos. And this day is marked as Philippine Independence Day. The Philippines finally became an independent nation.

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