This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
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00:03:44 1 Name and etymology
00:06:15 2 Formation
00:11:52 3 Physical characteristics
00:12:02 3.1 Internal structure
00:14:36 3.2 Surface geology
00:16:42 3.2.1 Volcanic features
00:20:48 3.2.2 Impact craters
00:23:51 3.2.3 Lunar swirls
00:24:27 3.2.4 Presence of water
00:29:37 3.3 Gravitational field
00:30:33 3.4 Magnetic field
00:31:32 3.5 Atmosphere
00:33:26 3.5.1 Dust
00:35:00 3.5.2 Past thicker atmosphere
00:35:55 3.6 Seasons
00:37:51 4 Earth-Moon system
00:38:01 4.1 Orbit
00:39:11 4.2 Relative size
00:40:26 4.3 Appearance from Earth
00:48:59 4.4 Tidal effects
00:54:41 4.5 Eclipses
00:57:59 5 Observation and exploration
00:58:10 5.1 Ancient and medieval studies
01:03:36 5.2 By spacecraft
01:03:46 5.2.1 20th century
01:03:55 5.2.1.1 Soviet missions
01:05:46 5.2.1.2 United States missions
01:09:58 5.2.1.3 1980s–2000
01:12:09 5.2.2 21st century
01:18:19 5.2.3 Planned commercial missions
01:20:12 6 Astronomy from the Moon
01:21:23 7 Legal status
01:22:45 8 In culture
01:22:55 8.1 Mythology
01:25:19 8.2 Calendar
01:27:12 8.3 Lunacy
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Speaking Rate: 0.7270809758631653
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). The Moon is after Jupiter's satellite Io the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known.
The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body called Theia.
The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, and thus always shows the same side to Earth, the near side. The near side is marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. After the Sun, the Moon is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earth's sky. Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its gravitational influence produces the ocean tides, body tides, and the slight lengthening of the day.
The Moon's average orbital distance is 384,402 km (238,856 mi), or 1.28 light-seconds. This is about thirty times the diameter of Earth. The Moon's apparent size in the sky is almost the same as that of the Sun, since the star is about 400 times the lunar distance and diameter. Therefore, the Moon covers the Sun nearly precisely during a total solar eclipse. This matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future because the Moon's distance from Earth is gradually increasing.
The Moon was first reached in September 1959 by the Soviet Union's Luna 2, an unmanned spacecraft. The United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned lunar missions to date, beginning with the first manned orbital mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned landings between 1969 and 1972, with the first being Apollo 11 in July 1969. These missions returned lunar rocks which have been used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon's origin, internal structure, and the Moon's later history. Since the 1972 Apollo 17 mission the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft.
Both the Moon's natural prominence in the earthly sky and its regular cycle of phases as seen from Earth have provided cultural references and influences for human societies and cultures since time immemorial. Such cultural influences can be found in language, lunar calendar systems, art, and mythology.
