मानव शरीर में काइमोट्रिप्सिन एंजाइम की भूमिका Role of Chymotrypsin Enzymes

अग्न्याशय की संरचना Structure of Pancreas

Pancreas & its Functions

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पेनक्रियाज (अग्न्याशय) अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण क्यों है? Why pancreas is extremely important?

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PANCREAS

The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system & endocrine systems.

Pancrease has two portions:-
1. The exocrine portion, which secretes pancreatic juices.
2. The endocrine portion, which secretes hormones.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS ARE:-

1. Hormone Secretion
2. Pancreatic Juice Secretion
3. Digestive Enzyme secretion

ISLET CELLS
(PANCREATIC CELLS or ISLET OF LANGERHANSA)
a pancreatic cell that produces hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that are secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones help control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Also called the endocrine pancreas cell and the islet of the Langerhans cell.

APPROXIMATELY 1 MILLION ISLETS CELLS ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE PANCREAS OF A HEALTHY ADULT. THEY PRODUCE HORMONES AND SECRETE THEM DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD FLOW.

There are five types of cells that are responsible for producing hormones inside the pancreas, which are:-
1. ALPHA CELLS
2. BETA CELLS
3. PP CELLS
4. DELTA CELLS
5. EPSILON CELLS


If we talk about the distribution of these above-mentioned cells within the islet cells, then here ALPHA CELLS 15% to 20%
BETA CELLS 50% to 70%
PP CELLS 4% to 5%
DELTA CELLS 5% to 10%
EPSILON CELLS 1% to 2%

ALPHA CELLS PRODUCE GLUCAGON HORMONE. GLUCAGON IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE, IT JUST WORKS OPPOSITE TO INSULIN. WHENEVER THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS FALSE BELOW IN YOUR BLOODSTREAM IT TRIGGERS THE GLUCONEOGENESIS PROCESS.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

INSULIN HORMONE
It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.

AMYLIN
Amylin is a residue peptide hormone. Amylin plays a role in glycemic regulation by slowing gastric emptying and promoting satiety.

PP CELLS (GAMMA CELLS OR F CELLS)
Their main role is to help synthesize and regulate the release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), after which they have been named. PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptides, which inhibit gastrointestinal movement and pancreatic secretion, as well as gallbladder contraction. the role is to increase satiety, regulate food intake, and regulate the contraction of the gall bladder.

DELTA CELLS
Delta cells produce Somatostatin, also known as Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH), which is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system.

Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Somatostatin also indirectly decreases stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process.

EPSILON CELLS
It produces GHRELIN HORMONE.

Ghrelin is the hunger hormone. It stimulates appetite and signals your brain when it's time to eat.

THE PANCREAS RELEASES PANCREATIC JUICESTHESE JUICES CONTAINING BICARBONATES, BICARBONATES NEUTRALISE THE ACID COMING FROM THE STOMACH TO THE FIRST PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM. Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonates, which are of basic (alkaline) nature thus they can neutralize the acid.

PANCREATIC ENZYMES

TRYPSIN
CHYMOTRYPSIN
LIPASE
AMYLASE
PROTEASE
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE

PANCREAS IS ALSO CALLED AN ENZYME POWERHOUSE OF DIGESTION.

TRYPSIN
It activates other enzymes i.e. protease and together, these enzymes break down protein into tripeptide, dipeptide, and single amino acid.

CHYMOTRYPSIN
It breakdowns the long-chain amino acids of protein into short-chain amino acids.

LIPASE
Lipase helps to break down Lipids (Fats) into fatty acids and glycerols. AMYLASE Amylase helps to break down carbohydrates into glucose.

PROTEASE
Protease breakdown the protein's long-chain amino acid into short-chain amino acid.

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