This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Philosophy of science
00:03:37 1 Introduction
00:03:46 1.1 Defining science
00:05:16 1.2 Scientific explanation
00:06:41 1.3 Justifying science
00:09:36 1.4 Observation inseparable from theory
00:11:13 1.5 The purpose of science
00:12:39 1.6 Values and science
00:13:48 2 History
00:13:57 2.1 Pre-modern
00:14:55 2.2 Modern
00:16:37 2.3 Logical positivism
00:20:10 2.4 Thomas Kuhn
00:22:10 3 Current approaches
00:22:19 3.1 Naturalism's axiomatic assumptions
00:25:57 3.2 Coherentism
00:28:16 3.3 Anything goes methodology
00:29:23 3.4 Sociology of scientific knowledge methodology
00:31:40 3.5 Continental philosophy
00:34:03 4 Other topics
00:34:12 4.1 Reductionism
00:35:04 4.2 Social accountability
00:35:51 5 Philosophy of particular sciences
00:36:35 5.1 Philosophy of statistics
00:37:29 5.2 Philosophy of mathematics
00:38:25 5.3 Philosophy of physics
00:39:09 5.4 Philosophy of chemistry
00:40:17 5.5 Philosophy of Earth sciences
00:40:52 5.6 Philosophy of biology
00:42:17 5.7 Philosophy of medicine
00:43:27 5.8 Philosophy of psychology
00:46:40 5.9 Philosophy of psychiatry
00:47:28 5.10 Philosophy of economics
00:48:38 5.11 Philosophy of social science
00:51:25 6 See also
00:51:34 7 Footnotes
00:51:43 8 Sources
00:51:52 9 Further reading
00:52:01 10 External links
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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Philosophy of science is a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth.
There is no consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with the philosophy of science, including whether science can reveal the truth about unobservable things and whether scientific reasoning can be justified at all. In addition to these general questions about science as a whole, philosophers of science consider problems that apply to particular sciences (such as biology or physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to reach conclusions about philosophy itself.
While philosophical thought pertaining to science dates back at least to the time of Aristotle, philosophy of science emerged as a distinct discipline only in the 20th century in the wake of the logical positivism movement, which aimed to formulate criteria for ensuring all philosophical statements' meaningfulness and objectively assessing them. Thomas Kuhn's 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was also formative, challenging the view of scientific progress as steady, cumulative acquisition of knowledge based on a fixed method of systematic experimentation and instead arguing that any progress is relative to a "paradigm," the set of questions, concepts, and practices that define a scientific discipline in a particular historical period. Karl Popper and Charles Sanders Peirce moved on from positivism to establish a modern set of standards for scientific methodology.
Subsequently, the coherentist approach to science, in which a theory is validated if it makes sense of observations as part of a coherent whole, became prominent due to W. V. Quine and others. Some thinkers such as Stephen Jay Gould seek to ground science in axiomatic assumptions, such as the uniformity of nature. A vocal minority of philosophers, and Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994) in particular, argue that there is no such thing as the "scientific method", so all approaches to science should be allowed, including explicitly supernatural ones. Another approach to thinking about science involves studying how knowledge is created from a sociological perspective, an approach represented by scholars like David Bloor and Barry Barnes. Finally, a tradition in continental philosophy approaches science from the perspect ...
