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Carotid Body and Carotid Sinus – General Information
See also: Carotid Body Paragangliomas, Carotid Body Tumor Case Example, and Carotid Body Tumor Resection
Carotid Body
The carotid body is a chemoreceptor located in the adventitia of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
Chemoreceptor function:
Carotid body monitors the blood’s pH, pCO2, and pO2 and thereby modulates cardiovascular and respiratory function primarily through sympathetic tone
When the carotid body senses acidemia, hypercapnea, or hypoxia, autonomic firing leads to increased blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate
The function of the carotid body is complemented by other chemoreceptors, most notably the aortic body located in the aortic arch
Anatomy:
Located in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
Average size of carotid body is 3-5 mm in diameter and average weight is 12 mg
Blood supply: from external carotid through Mayer’s ligament (provides attachment to carotids)
Innervation: Hering’s nerve (aka carotid sinus nerve), a branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX), originating 1.5 cm distal to jugular foramen
Composed of two receptor cell types:
Chief cells (Type I): derived from neural crest, release ACh, ATP, dopamine in response to activation
Sustentacular cells (Type II): supporting cells
Carotid Sinus
The carotid sinus is a baroreceptor that senses changes in systemic blood pressure and is located in the adventitia of the carotid bulb of the internal carotid artery
Due to its location the carotid sinus is an intimately related but distinct organ from the carotid body
Innervation: same as carotid body (Hering’s nerve, aka carotid sinus nerve, a branch of CN IX)
The function of the carotid sinus can be affected by carotid body tumor resection (see below)
Carotid sinus syndrome (syncopal episodes due to inadvertant triggering of the carotid sinus) is a pathology of the carotid sinus, in addition, carotid massage triggers the carotid sinus pathway (increased pressure on carotid sinus due to massage → sends signal to decrease systemic BP)
