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0:00 INTRODUCTION
0:13 1. Orthopaedics is the medical specialty that deals with diseases and injuries related to bones, joints, muscles, and ligaments. It focuses on diagnosing, treating, and preventing musculoskeletal conditions, including fractures, deformities, and disorders. Orthopaedic surgeons are experts in managing these issues to improve patients’ mobility and overall quality of life.
0:44 2. A **greenstick fracture** is typically seen in **children**. It occurs when the bone bends and cracks but does not completely break ¹. So the correct answer is **b. Children**.
1:00 3. With fractures of the shaft of long bones, rotation is controlled by **immobilizing the joints above and below it** . So the correct answer is **c. Immobilizing the joints above and below it**.
1:25 4. *External fixation is a method used to stabilize bone and soft tissues at a distance from the operative or injury focus.
1:50 5. A **burst fracture** typically occurs in the **vertebral column** ¹. So the correct answer is **b. Vertebral fracture**.
2:07 6. Burn in electrotherapy can occur due to **all of the above reasons**: overdose, inability to dissipate heat due to peripheral vascular disease, and loss of sensation ¹. So the correct answer is **d. All of the above**.
2:29 7. The **low frequency current** typically operates up to **1000Hz** ¹. So the correct answer is **b. 1000Hz**.
2:45 8. **Russian current** is a type of **medium frequency current** ¹. So the correct answer is **b. Medium frequency**.
2:59 9. **Faradic current** is an **interrupted current** ¹. So the correct answer is **c. Interrupted current**.
3:16 10. The current used for the stimulation of innervated muscles is **faradic** ¹. So the correct answer is **a. Faradic**.
3:34 11. The head of the humerus is a nearly spherical structure that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. The angular value of this sphere, measured in degrees, is approximately 150 degrees.
3:51 12. RRB Answer key it's 45 degree. But correct answer is 120 degree.
4:07 13. At rest, the scapula makes an angle of about **30 degrees** with the frontal plane . So the correct answer is **b. 30 degrees**.
4:26 14. The scapulo-clavicular angle at rest is indeed around 60 degrees.
4:43 15. The **root of the spine of the scapula** corresponds to **T3** . So the correct answer is **b. T3**.
4:58 16. The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion in the shoulder. To achieve this range of motion, the joint capsule, which encloses the joint, is relatively lax.
5:24 17. The structure that checks the downward pull of gravity on the arm by the side is the **rotator cuff** . So the correct answer is **b. Rotator cuff**.
5:44 18. The answer is b. Inferior glenohumeral ligament.
The inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) is a key stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint, particularly during external rotation.
6:07 19. The **trapezoid ligament** of the acromioclavicular joint checks **upward movement** . So the correct answer is **d. Upward movement**.
6:29 20. The correct answer is indeed c. Conoid ligament.
During shoulder elevation, the clavicle rotates posteriorly to allow for full upward rotation of the scapula. This posterior rotation is facilitated by the tension in the conoid ligament, which acts as a dynamic stabilizer and helps to rotate the clavicle backward.
6:47 21. The stimulator that is more comfortable, safe but less accurate is the **constant voltage stimulator** . So the correct answer is **b. Constant voltage**.
7:06 22. The correct answer is d. Biphasic, even charge with equal or unequal pulse shape in both directions.
This type of waveform is commonly used in TENS devices because it provides effective pain relief without causing skin irritation.
7:32 23.The correct answer is c. Stimulation of deep muscles.
Russian current is a type of electrical stimulation that uses medium-frequency alternating current to stimulate muscles.
7:55 24. The correct answer is c. Minimum current for a nerve impulse at long duration.
Rheobase is the minimum intensity of electrical current that, when applied for an indefinitely long duration, is just sufficient to elicit a minimal response.
8:20 25. The correct answer is: Tap water
While iontophoresis can be used with medications like glycopyrronium bromide, the most common and effective method for treating hyperhidrosis is simple tap water iontophoresis.
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