In the previous section, we looked at how Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance allow us to predict how unlinked traits showing complete dominance are inherited. However, in most organisms, there are very few traits that show perfect complete dominance and no linkage to other traits. Since the days of Mendel, scientists have uncovered many modes of non-Mendelian genetics that change the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring. In this section we’ll look at incomplete dominance and codominance, comparing them directly to complete dominance. Then, we’ll look at how linkage (linked genes) can break the Law of Independent Assortment. We’ll also look at how a single gene can affect multiple traits (pleiotropy) and how multiple genes can affect a single trait (polygenic trait). Finally, we’ll take a quick look at sex-linked genes, lethal alleles, and non-nuclear inheritance (mtDNA and chloroplast DNA).
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