Jan van Eyck A Flemish Painter - The Ghent Altarpiece
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Jan van Eyck (or Johaes de Eyck) (1390 -- 1441) was a Flemish painter active in Bruges and is generally considered one of the most significant Northern European painters of the 15th century. The few surviving records indicate that he was born around 1390, most likely in Maaseik. Outside of works completed with his brother Hubert van Eyck and those ascribed to Hand G —believed to be Jan— of the Turin-Milan Hours illuminated manuscript, only about 23 surviving works are confidently attributed to him, of which ten, including the Ghent altarpiece, are signed and dated.

Little is known of his early life, but his emergence as a collectable painter generally follows his appointment to the court of Philip the Good c. 1425, and from this point his activity in the court is comparatively well documented. Van Eyck had previously served John of Bavaria-Straubing, then ruler of Holland, Hainault and Zeeland. By this time van Eyck had assembled a workshop and was involved in redecorating the Binnenhof palace in The Hague. After John's death in 1425 he moved to Bruges and came to the attention of Philip the Good. He served as both court artist and diplomat and became a senior member of the Tournai painters' guild, where he enjoyed the company of similarly esteemed artists such as Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden. Over the following decade van Eyck's reputation and technical ability grew, mostly from his innovative approaches towards the handling and manipulating of oil paint. His revolutionary approach to oil was such that a myth, perpetuated by Giorgio Vasari, arose that he had invented oil painting.

In the earliest significant source on van Eyck, a 1454 biography in Genoese humanist Bartolomeo Facio's De viris illustribus, Jan van Eyck is named "the leading painter" of his day. Facio places him among the best artists of the early 15th century, along with Rogier van der Weyden, Gentile da Fabriano, and Pisanello. It is particularly interesting that Facio shows as much enthusiasm for Netherlandish painters as he does for Italian painters. This text sheds light on aspects of Jan van Eyck's production now lost, citing a bathing scene owned by a prominent Italian, but mistakenly attributing to van Eyck a world map painted by another. Facio records that van Eyck was a learned man, and that he was versed in the classics, particularly Pliny the Elder's work on painting. This is supported by records of an inscription from Ovid's Ars Amatoria, which was on the now-lost original frame of the Arnolfini Portrait, and by the many Latin inscriptions in van Eyck paintings, using the Roman alphabet, then reserved for educated men. Jan van Eyck likely had some knowledge of Latin for his many missions abroad on behalf of the Duke.

Jan van Eyck died in Bruges in 1441 and was buried in the Church of St Donatian, which was later destroyed during the French Revolution.

Jan van Eyck Paintings

Portraits; Portrait of a Man with a Blue Chaperon (c. 1430 ), Léal Souvenir (1432 ), Portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergati (1432 ), Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait? ), (1433 ), Arnolfini Portrait (1434 ), Portrait of Baudouin de Lannoy (c. 1435 ), Portrait of a Man with Carnation (1435 ), Portrait of Jan de Leeuw (1436 ), Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini (c. 1438 ), Portrait of Margaret van Eyck (1439)

Single religious works; Annunciation (c. 1434--36 ), Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (1435 ), Lucca Madonna (1436 ), Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele (1436 ), Madonna in the Church (c. 1438--40 ), Madonna at the Fountain (1439 ), Annunciation (c. 1440 ), Portrait of Christ (Vera Icon) (1440)

Polyptychs; Ghent Altarpiece (with Hubert van Eyck, completed 1432 ), Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych (c. 1430--40 ), Dresden Triptych (c 1437)

Drawings; Saint Barbara (1437 ), Study for Cardinal Niccolò Albergati (c. 1432).

Lost or contested; Turin-Milan Hours ('Hand G', c. 1420 ), Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (c. 1428--29 ), Woman at Her Toilet (c. 1434 ), Madonna and Child with a Donor (after 1440).

Workshop; Ince Hall Madonna (after 1434 ), St. Francis Receiving the Stygmata (c. 1440 ), Saint Jerome in His Study (1442 ), Crucifixion (c. 1445 ), The Fountain of Life (c. 1445).

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