In 1509, eighteen Portuguese ships faced over a hundred Muslim ships on the coast of India. Despite being supported by land-based artillery, no Muslim ship survived. Six decades later, today - October 7th - in 1571, this was repeated at the most famous East-West clash: the Battle of Lepanto, one of the most deadly single-day naval battles in history, involving more than four hundred ships and eighty-thousand men. Fighting just off the north-west coast of Greece, a Spanish and Italian fleet destroyed the vast Ottoman fleet that was aiming at seizing control of the Mediterranean.
Beeching, Jack. 1982. The Galleys at Lepanto. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Konstam, Angus. 2003. Lepanto 1571. Oxford: Osprey.
Rodney Stark, How the West Won. ISI, 2015
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