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Nuremberg Castle (German: Nürnberger Burg) is a group of fortified medieval buildings built on a sandstone ridge that dominates the historic center of the city of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany.
The castle, together with the city walls, is considered to be one of the most important medieval fortifications in Europe. It symbolized the power and importance of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the important role played by the imperial city of Nuremberg.
Summary
In the Middle Ages, the German kings (ie the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire after their coronation by the pope) did not have a capital and traveled from one castle (Kaiserpfalz or imperial castle) to another. Nuremberg Castle thus became an important imperial residence, and in the following centuries all German kings and emperors lived for various periods in the castle, some even several times.
Nuremberg Castle consists of three parts: the imperial castle (Kaiserburg), the former castle of the burgraves (Burggrafenburg) and the buildings built by the imperial city authorities on the east side (Reichsstädtische Bauten).
The first fortified buildings seem to have been erected around the year 1000. Three periods of castle construction can be distinguished:
the castle built under the rule of the Salian kings, respectively the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (1027-1125);
a new castle built under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138-1254);
the reconstruction of the palace and the making of various changes and additions during the several centuries of the Late Middle Ages.
The castle lost its importance after the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). In the 19th century, with the increase in general interest in the medieval period, some changes were made. During the Nazi period, on the occasion of the preparatory activities for the NSDAP congress in Nuremberg in 1936, the castle was restored to its original state. A few years later, during the Second World War and the air raids of 1944/1945, a large part of the castle was laid in ruins. The reconstruction and restoration of the castle took about thirty years.
Buildings
Imperial Castle
The usual access to the castle is via the Burgstrasse which ends in front of the sandstone ridge. A broad path leads into the outer courtyard through the Heavenly Gate (Himmelstor) located next to the Hasenburg tower (named after the Bohemian Hasenburg family).
The Cylindrical Tower, built in the second half of the 13th century, was the main keep of the castle. It is so named because of its cylindrical shape: in the High Middle German dialect sinwell means perfectly round. In the 1560s, its height was increased by the addition of another storey and a gable roof with a pointed peak.
The Deep Well (Tiefer Brunnen), inside a small log building in the middle of the inner courtyard, is certainly as old as the castle, as it was the castle's only source of water. The water level is at a depth of 50 meters, and the water is usually 3 m deep. Above the water level, a niche was dug into the rock for cleaning purposes. The stonework of the fountain dates from 1563. The annex building built the following year was used as a bathroom and cloakroom. The Deep Well supplied sufficient quantities of water for normal consumption, but during Imperial Diets and the Emperor's visits barrels of water had to be brought from the city.
The Castle's House (Kastellansgebäude), the Secretariat Building (Sekretariatsgebäude) and the Treasury Building (Finanzstadel) as well as the post-medieval Himmelsstallung are some of the buildings in the outer courtyard, largely rebuilt after World War II.
The Inner Gate (Inneres Tor) leads into the Inner Court (Innerer Burghof), surrounded by the palace, the Imperial Chapel and the Kemenate.
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