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Crocodiles and alligators are the closet living relatives of birds.

They have a powerful snout with unmatched teeth on the upper and lower jaws.

Compared with amphibians, the crocodile brain shows an expansion of the forebrain, especially the cerebrum.

The olfactory lobe is relatively smaller.

The brain is continuous with the spinal cord, which is enclosed within the vertebral column.

An efficient cardiovascular system supports this predator's high energy requirements.

Crocodilians were the first animals with a four-chambered heart fully separated into two halves.

The separation enables oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood to travel into two circuits without mixing.

Food passes through the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestines.

The liver is an accessory digestive organ.

Undigested wastes are eliminated through the cloaca.

The kidney is highly efficient at conserving water.

Reptiles dry their urine to a thick paste of uric acid that is excreted through the cloaca.

A tough, scaly skin also helps conserve water.

All reptiles fertilize eggs internally.

This male crocodile's gonads produce sperm.

The sperm are transferred to the female through a penis that is everted through the cloaca.

Note that the cloaca is a multipurpose opening through which digestive wastes, excretory wastes, and gametes leave the body.

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