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Orbit Anatomy Animation: Borders, Relations and Contents: MBBS 1st year
The orbit is a complex bony structure that houses the eye, optic nerve, vessels, and lymphatics. It is formed by the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones. The orbit has four walls, each formed by specific bones. The superior (roof) is formed by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and the orbital portion of the frontal bone. The inferior (floor) is composed of the orbital surfaces of the maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones. The medial wall consists of the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, body of the sphenoid bone, frontal bone, lacrimal bone, and maxilla. The lateral wall includes the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the orbital plate of the frontal bone, and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone.
The openings of the orbit allow for the passage of important nerves and vessels. The superior orbital fissure lies between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid and contains structures such as the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducens nerve (CN VI), and branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1), along with the superior ophthalmic vein. The inferior orbital fissure, formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid, palatine, and maxillary bones, transmits the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (CN V2), along with veins such as the inferior ophthalmic vein. The optic canal, running through the lesser wing of the sphenoid, carries the optic nerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery. The nasolacrimal duct, formed by the lacrimal bone, maxilla, and inferior nasal concha, connects the lacrimal sac to the inferior nasal meatus, facilitating tear drainage. Other important openings include the infraorbital foramen (in the maxilla), supraorbital notch (in the frontal bone), and ethmoidal foramina (in the ethmoid bone), which allow the passage of nerves and vessels essential for orbital function.
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