Islam, one of the world’s three major monotheistic religions, teaches the oneness of God (known in Arabic as Allah), who has revealed his message through a succession of prophets – the prophets of the Jewish tradition, including Jesus - and finally through Muhammad (ca. 570-632 CE); “Muslim” is the adjective that describes people who believe in Islam and various aspects of the faith and its practices . The primary religious text of Islam is the Qur’an (Koran), the collected revelations of God’s message to humanity, delivered by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad over a period of several years. Like the Torah and the Bible, the Quran is a complex work, and many Muslims spend time studying its words, the stories and injunctions it contains, and the various scholarly interpretations in order to develop a fuller understanding of God’s message. Other sources of inspiration and practical advice for Muslims include the hadith, short anecdotes about or quotes from Muhammad. Because Muslims believe that God chose Muhammad above all other people to be God’s final messenger to humanity, Muhammad is sometimes described as the “perfect man”, so Muslims take his behavior and views as guidance.

Scholars often list five specific expectations that Muslims should fulfill, which they call the “Five Pillars”. These are:

the confession of faith, known in Arabic as the shahada: “I testify that there is no god but God and Muhammad is his Prophet.”, which is also used at the start of every call to prayer. Shia Muslims generally add: “and Ali [the fourth caliph and the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law] is the friend of God;
prayers five times a day, at daybreak, noon, afternoon, after sunset, and early evening, to honor God;
fasting between sunrise and sunset in the month of Ramadan, the month in which the Qur’an was initially revealed to Muhammad, as well as a general effort to avoid immoral or unkind behavior;
pilgrimage to Mecca (in modern Saudi Arabia), or hajj, at least once in a lifetime if financially and physically possible; and
donation of one fortieth of annual income for charitable purposes, in addition to voluntary donations that might be given
throughout the year.
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