Super-heavy, heavy, semi-heavy, light water

𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝘅:
⏲ 0:00 Natural occurring hydrogen isotopes
⏲ 1:21 Super-heavy, heavy, semi-heavy, light water
⏲ 1:47 Abundance of hydrogen isotopes
⏲ 2:07 If we drank heavy water...
⏲ 3:05 Different water molecules

📫𝐎𝐮𝐫 𝐅𝐁 𝐏𝐚𝐠𝐞:
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🎬𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐬:
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📚𝐃𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐝'𝐬 𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐬
📕 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀: 𝗔𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝘆𝗼𝗻𝗱
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📙 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀: 𝗔𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲
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📗 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗿𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀: 𝗔𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻
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📄𝐓𝐞𝐱𝐭:
These are hydrogen atoms. If we look at the nucleus of this one, we’ll see that it contains 1 proton and no neutrons. But not all hydrogen atoms are the same. Although all of them have 1 proton, some have no neutrons, while others have 1 or 2 neutrons in their nuclei. In chemistry, if 2 or more atoms have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, they’re known as isotopes. Isotopes display the same chemical behavior, but have different physical properties, such as boiling point, melting point, and density. So there are 3 isotopes of hydrogen in nature.

All isotopes can be named in terms of their mass number, which is the total number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei. But hydrogen isotopes also have special names: protium, deuterium, and tritium.

Different neutron numbers give rise to the different masses of isotopes since atomic mass depends on the number of protons and neutrons. In the case of hydrogen isotopes, protium’s atomic mass is 1.01 Daltons, deuterium’s mass is 2.01 Daltons, and tritium’s is about 3.02 Daltons. Water that’s made of tritiums is called super-heavy water or tritiated water, whereas water that’s made of deuteriums is called heavy water. Water that contains only protium is known as light water. As you might guess, if a water molecule consists of 1 deuterium and 1 protium, it’s referred to as semiheavy water.

In nature, only protium and deuterium are stable. Naturally-occurring tritium, being radioactive, is extremely rare on Earth and only occurs in the atmosphere. Deuterium makes up 0.02% and protium 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes.

So if we drink 500 milliliters of water, we drink about 499.9 grams of light water and 0.1 gram of heavy water. What would happen if we drank heavy water on its own? Small amounts of heavy water would be safe but research has shown that trees stop growing if given only heavy water, while rats died when the heavy-water amount reached 1/3 of the total amount of water in their bodies. This is called the isotope effect. Heavy isotopes with excess neutrons slow down chemical reactions. In particular, heavy water causes critical reactions in the body to slow down with potentially fatal results. Heavy water is definitely not suitable for drinking but does have a practical use in certain types of nuclear reactor.

All elements come in a variety of isotopes. There are 3 stable isotopes of oxygen: O-16, O-17, and O-18. Along with the 2 stable isotopes of hydrogen, this means that altogether there are 9 different types of water molecule in nature.

#water #heavy #isotopes

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