In this section of the AP Biology curriculum, we’ll take the lessons we learned in sections 4.1 - 4.3 and see how changes to the signal transduction pathways we learned about can lead to massive phenotypic changes to a cell. We’ll look at how some genetic diseases and cancers are started by changes to signal transduction pathways. We’ll start with an overview of all the potential changes to cellular communication pathways. Then, we’ll get into some specific aspects that can change and what those changes might lead to. For instance, we’ll see what happens when you change upstream proteins like the signal molecule or the receptor protein with genetic mutations. Then, we’ll dive into the downstream parts of signal transduction pathways and see how changes in these aspects can be less destructive. Finally, we’ll take a look at how certain chemicals can act as inhibitors or activators of signal transduction pathways.

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