The Pliocene epoch (5.3–2.6 million years ago) was a significant period for the evolution and diversification of mammals. During this time, the climate became colder and drier, leading to the expansion of grasslands. Animals like horses, cattle, and carnivores experienced rapid evolution. Hominins, especially Australopithecus and Ardipithecus, developed bipedalism, a key milestone in human evolution. Various groups of primates and monkeys also evolved during this period. Additionally, species such as mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and giant deer emerged. The connection between South and North America allowed for the exchange of fauna, a phenomenon known as the Great American Biotic Interchange.
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