The Cauvery water dispute is a long-standing conflict between the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry over the sharing of water from the Cauvery River. The river originates in Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.



The dispute has its roots in the British colonial era, when the Madras Presidency and the princely state of Mysore (now Karnataka) signed an agreement in 1892 to share the Cauvery water. However, this agreement was not binding on the independent Indian government after independence in 1947.


In the decades since independence, the dispute has flared up repeatedly, often leading to protests and even violence. In 1974, the three riparian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala signed an agreement to share the Cauvery water, but this agreement was also challenged in court.


In 2002, the Supreme Court of India appointed a Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) to resolve the dispute. The CWDT issued its final award in 2018, which allocated 414 TMC of water per year to Tamil Nadu, 270 TMC to Karnataka, 30 TMC to Kerala, and 7 TMC to Puducherry.


However, the CWDT award has not been implemented smoothly, and there have been several disputes over its implementation. In 2023, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court again, asking it to direct Karnataka to release more water to Tamil Nadu.


The Cauvery water dispute is a complex one, and there is no easy solution. The four riparian states have different needs and priorities, and it is difficult to find a fair and equitable way to share the river's water.


One of the biggest challenges to implementing the CWDT award is the lack of trust between the four riparian states. Karnataka has argued that the award is unfair and that it does not get enough water. Tamil Nadu has argued that Karnataka is not releasing enough water, and that this is causing damage to its crops.


Despite the challenges, there are some steps that can be taken to improve the implementation of the CWDT award and reduce tensions between the four riparian states.


One important step is to build trust between the states. This can be done through dialogue and cooperation on water management issues. The states should also work together to develop contingency plans for drought years.


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