Exploring the top three most powerful tornadoes ever recorded.and what craziness it takes for a tornado to earn the highest wind intensity rating on Enhanced Fujita scale (EF Scale).

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EF5s destroy well built homes and sweep their concrete foundations clean of debris. Cars are mangled and tossed hundreds, possibly thousands of meters away. But what exactly does a tornado have to do to earn the most powerful EF5 rating?  or an F5 rating? What’s the difference?  

In over 20 years of chasing tornadoes I’ve documented at least 8 EF4 tornadoes, but only one EF5. As of the date of this video the last EF5 tornado occurred in Moore Oklahoma on May 20th, 2013.  Over 9 years ago.  So where have all the EF5’s gone?   

BRIEF HISTORY of the FUJITA SCALE (F-scale)
If a strong tornado strikes an instrument that measures wind speeds, The anemometer will likely be blown to smithereens long before it was able to measure and record how fast the strongest winds were.  But, If we found the crumbled anemometer a mile away,  scientists and engineers can make estimates of what wind velocities might do such a thing. 

In 1971 Dr. Ted Fujita developed a method to rate the intensity of tornadoes based on surveys of ground damage.  The Fujita Scale has 6 intensity categories from the lightest damage F0 to the incredible F5. With wind estimates from 261-318 mph (419 - 512 km/h), EF5s are powerful enough to throw cars hundreds, possibly thousands of meters and completely sweep away brick homes.

[But the Fujita scale was very limiting with only general descriptions and no account for construction quality. Also, the wind speed estimates
was later deemed by meteorologists and engineers as being too high.  For example, a 261 mph wind speed is NOT required to completely destroy a well constructed house and blow away the debris.  This damage occurs at significantly lower wind speeds than previously thought.

THE EF SCALE
Revision or enhancement of the Fujita Scale was needed. In 2007 operational use of the ENHANCED Fujita scale began in the United states.  
The EF scale has a more accurate estimation of damaging wind speeds.
and has 28 damage indicators all with respective Degrees of damage. The old scale lists an F5 tornado with winds of 261–318 mph (420–512 km/h), 
The new scale lists an EF5 with winds above 200 mph (322 km/h),
This is found to be sufficient to cause the damage previously ascribed to the F5 range of wind speeds. 

NOAA DAMAGE ASSESMENT TOOLKIT
The NOAA damage assessment toolkit has a tremendous amount of information with detailed photos and assessments of damage citing why a tornado received the rating it did. It’s fascinating to explore, and available to the public.  Here's that link...
[ Ссылка ]

TOP 3 MOST POWERFUL TORNADOES EVER MEASURED
#1: The May 3, 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore Oklahoma F5...
This tornado destroyed thousands of homes and businesses, killing 36. and is cited as the highest winds ever measured on earth with mobile Doppler radar velocity measurements of roughly 302 mph.   

#2: May 31, 2013 El Reno EF3...
In addition to being the widest tornado ever recorded El Reno 2013 is also a contender for the highest winds measured on Earth with similar radar-measured velocities of 302 mph, but these were in orbiting subvortices moving extremely rapidly, whereas the May 3, 1999 Doppler readings were slicing the main vortex where peak velocities weren’t as transient
As in the 2013 El Reno tornado.

#3: The May 24, 2011 El Reno EF5 with most likely max wind speeds at 295 mph. I actually recorded The moments when University of Oklahoma's RaXpol radar was getting that data. 

EF5s and F5s make up only .1% of rated tornadoes in the US. Between 1950 and 2007, 50 tornadoes were officially rated F5 and since February 2007, only nine tornadoes have been officially rated EF5.

F5 TORNADOES OUTSIDE THE USA:

CANADA has had one F5...
- June 22, 2007, F5 Elie Manitoba (EC)

FRANCE has had 2 F5s...
- Aug 19, 1845 Montville
- June 24, 1967. Palluel

GERMANY has had two F5s..
- June 29, 1764 Woldegk
- Apr 23, 1800 Hainichen

ITALY has had at least one F5...
- Jul 24, 1930 Treviso, Udine

And RUSSIA had one F5.
- Jun 9, 1984 Ivano, Lunevo

SPECIAL THANKS:
To Daniel Shaw for Licensing me the May 20, 2013 Moore Oklahoma EF5 damage video and to Dr. Tracie Seimon, Dr. Anton Seimon and Skip Talbot for helping me research and edit this script.

RESEARCH:
The Multiple-Vortex Structure of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornado on 31 May 2013
BLUESTEIN, THIEM, SNYDER, HOUSER

Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination AUG 2014 SNYDER & BLUESTEIN

THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE-VORTEX TORNADO STRUCTURE IN CAUSING STORM RESEARCHER FATALITIES by WURMAN, KOSIBA, ROBINSON, MARSHALL

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