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In the early 1960s, amid fresh turmoil internationally, the situation in China’s neighbours was growing tense. The United States was stepping up the war in Vietnam. The combat preparedness of China’s economy was a major concern for the Party and people.


The three fronts referred to different geographical regions. The first front was the coastal areas, the second, the central region, and the third, the hinterland including Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan in the southwest and Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai in the northwest.


In June 1964, at a meeting of the CPC Central Committee, Mao Zedong said: “As long as imperialism continues to exist, there is the risk of war. Since we are not the chief of staff of the imperialists, we do not know when they may start a war. Industrial bases shall be established at the third front, and the munitions industry shall be developed at the first and second fronts. With industrial bases and a munitions industry, we can rest easy.”


Before long, simultaneously with accelerating construction on the Third Front, the CPC Central Committee established the general principle of being “war-oriented and prepared for war”. In response to the CPC Central Committee’s plan for Third-Front construction, several colleges and research institutes relocated to the west of the country.



On May the 27th, 1964, Mao Zedong chaired an enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. The main item of discussion was Third-Front construction.



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