Review and definitions of the conventional grain fed, grass fed and organic ground beef at Costco

Definitions:
Grass Fed -
"Grass (Forage) Fed" means that grass and forage shall be the feed source consumed for the lifetime of the ruminant animal, with the exception of milk consumed prior to weaning. The diet shall be derived solely from forage consisting of grass (annual and perennial), forbs (e.g., legumes, Brassica), browse, or cereal grain crops in the vegetative (pre-grain) state. Animals cannot be fed grain or grain byproducts and must have continuous access to pasture during the growing season.

References:

DOI
[ Ссылка ]

De la Fuente J, Díaz MT, Alvarez I, Oliver MA, Font I Furnols M, Sañudo C, Campo MM, Montossi F, Nute GR, Cañeque V. Fatty acid and vitamin E composition of intramuscular fat in cattle reared in different production systems. Meat Sci. 2009 Jul;82(3):331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.002. Epub 2009 Feb 14. PMID: 20416720.

Daley, C.A., A. Abbott, P. Doyle, G. Nader and S. Larson. 2005. A Literature Review of the Value-Added Nutrients Found in Grass-Fed Beef Products.
www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/

Duckett, S.K., D.G. Wagner, L.D. Yates, H.G. Dolezal and S.G. May. 1993. Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2079-2088.

Engle, T.E. and J.W. Spears. 2004. Effect of finishing system (feedlot or pasture), high-oil maize, and copper on conjugated linoleic and other fatty acids in muscle of finishing steers.
Anim. Sci. 78:261-269. FASS. 2003. State of the Science: Organic Meat, Milk And Eggs. pp. 1-2.
Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL. French, P., C. Stanton, F. Lawless, E.G. O’Riordan, F.J. Monahan, P.J. Caffrey and A.P. Moloney. 2000. Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage or concentrate-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2849-2855.

Martz, F., M. Weiss, R. Kallenbach, C. Lorenzen and M. Hendrickson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid content of pasture finished beef and implications for human diets. Mimeographed Report. pp. 1-9. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

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