What is Bacterial Toxin?
Bacterial toxins are substances produced by certain bacteria that can cause harm to the host organism. These toxins are often proteins or protein complexes that have specific effects on cells and tissues.
Bacterial toxins can interfere with normal cellular functions, disrupt the immune system, or cause damage to various organs. They play a significant role in the pathogenicity of bacterial infections and can contribute to the development of symptoms and disease progression.
What is Toxoid?
A toxoid is a modified or inactivated form of a bacterial toxin that has been converted to harmless form while still retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. Toxoids are created by treating the toxin with chemicals or heat to deactivate its toxic properties, while preserving its antigenic properties.
These modified toxins, or toxoids, are used as vaccines to induce an immune response and generate protective immunity against the original toxin-producing bacteria.
What is Toxin based Vaccine?
A toxin-based vaccine is a type of vaccine that utilizes toxins produced by certain bacteria. These toxins are altered to be safe and no longer cause harm to the body.
The modified toxins (Toxoid), known as antigens, are used to stimulate the immune system and trigger a targeted immune response. By introducing these antigens (toxoid) into the body, toxin-based vaccines can effectively generate antibodies and memory cells, providing immunity against specific diseases caused by the toxins.
Chemicals can be used to modify the bacterial toxin and make it non-toxic. One commonly employed chemical is formaldehyde (formalin).
The toxin is mixed with a precise concentration of formaldehyde, which reacts with the toxin's functional groups, such as amino acids, altering its structure and neutralizing its toxic properties. This process is known as formalin inactivation.
The diphtheria toxoid vaccine is a prime example of a toxin-based vaccine. It contains an inactivated form of the diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria.
The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the actual toxin, preventing diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening respiratory infection.
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