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Active and passive immunity are two distinct ways in which the immune system provides protection against infections and diseases. They differ in terms of how immunity is acquired, the duration of protection, and the mechanisms involved.
(01) Active Immunity
Active immunity is developed when the body's own immune system is stimulated to produce an immune response against a specific pathogen (such as a virus or bacteria). This can occur naturally through infection, where the immune system recognizes the pathogen, fights it off, and "remembers" it for future encounters. Active immunity can also be acquired artificially through vaccination, where a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen or its components is introduced into the body. As a result, the immune system mounts a response, produces antibodies, and creates memory cells to provide protection against future infections. Active immunity typically takes time to develop but offers longer-lasting protection, often throughout a person's life.
(02) Passive Immunity:
Passive immunity is obtained when pre-formed antibodies or immune cells are transferred from one individual to another. This can occur naturally, such as when a mother passes antibodies to her baby through breast milk or via the placenta during pregnancy. It can also be acquired artificially through medical interventions like administering antibodies derived from the blood of individuals who have already been exposed to a particular pathogen (e.g., convalescent plasma therapy). Passive immunity provides immediate but temporary protection, as the transferred antibodies eventually degrade and do not stimulate the body's immune system to create memory cells. Therefore, the protection conferred by passive immunity is relatively short-lived compared to active immunity.
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