📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- [ Ссылка ]
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Neural Tube Defects Anatomy

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) encompass a spectrum of congenital anomalies along the body's dorsal midline, characterized by abnormal bone formation dorsal to the neural tube, primarily affecting the skull and vertebral arches. These defects, often multifactorial in origin, are linked to risk factors such as maternal diabetes, obesity, low folate intake, and certain medications like valproic acid and carbamazepine. In the United States, NTDs occur in about 5.3 per 10,000 births, with a noticeable decline due to advances in folic acid supplementation and maternal screening. NTDs include various types of spina bifida, ranging from spina bifida occulta, the mildest form with a vertebral cleft but no neurological deficits, to more severe forms like meningocele, where meninges herniate through the vertebral cleft, and myelomeningocele, involving herniation of both meninges and spinal cord, often leading to significant neurologic deficits and association with Chiari type II anomalies. The most severe form, myeloschisis, features exposed neural tissue with no covering, representing the extreme end of the spina bifida spectrum.

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