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Sayyid Ahmad Khan-
He propagated modern education as the most important path for improvement in the condition of Indian Muslims & called for the study of European science and technology .
He pointed out that there was no fundamental contradiction between Quran and Natural Science and the new circumstances demanded dissemination of English language within an Islamic context .
He founded the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875 which went on to become the most important seminary for modern higher education among Muslims.
At the elementary level, students followed the standard government curriculum in a carefully constructed Islamic environment. In 1878, the college classes were also started and non-Muslims were also enrolled.
In 1886, Sayyid Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Educational Conference .
The Muslim graduates of Aligarh who numbered 220 during 1882-1902, provided lot of excitement to the Muslim intellectual world and in due course of time provided an able and modern leadership to the community.
The Deoband School
The orthodox section among the Muslim ulema organised the Deoband Moovement. It was a revivalist movement whose twin objectives were:
i) To propagate among the Muslims the pure teachings of the Koran and the Hadis &
ii) To keep alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers .
The new Deoband leader Mahmud-ul-Hasan (1851-1920) sought to impart a political and intellectual content to the religious ideas of the school.
The liberal interpretation of Islam created a political awakening among its followers.
Ahmadiya Movement
It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahamad of Qadiyan (1839-1908) in 1889, who began his work as a defender of Islam against the polemics of the Arya Samaj and the Christian missionaries.
In 1889, he claimed to be Masih and Mahdi and later also to be an incarnation of the Hindu god Krishna and Jesus, returned to earth.
The Ahmadiya movement based itself, like the Brahmo Samaj, on the principles of at universal religion of all humanity.
Ghulam Ahmad was greatly influenced by western liberalism theosophy, and the religious reform movements of the Hindus .
The Ahmadiyas opposed Jihad or sacred war against non-Muslims and stressed fraternal relations among all people.
The movement spread western liberal education among Indian Muslims and started a network of schools and colleges for that purpose.
