Understanding inductive and resonance effects can help predict the acidity and reactivity of different species and the mechanism of chemical reactions.

The electronic effect of a group that is transmitted by the polarization of electrons in σ bonds is called an inductive effect. The inductive effect affects the ability of a chemical group to stabilize or destabilize a molecule or ion through electron distribution. Electrons are drawn towards or away from the group, affecting the polarity of the molecule or ion.
If the capacity of a group to withdraw electrons is more than that of hydrogen, it is called electron-withdrawing group.
Likewise, if the capacity of a group to withdraw electrons is less than that of hydrogen, it is called an electron donating group.

The resonance effect is an electronic effect involving π bond electrons or electrons present in unhybridized p orbitals.

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