University of Oxford and AstraZeneca
Development of COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222 expands into US Phase III clinical trial across all adult age groups (AZ, 31st August)
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AZD1222
Based on a chimpanzee adenovirus
US, $1.2 billion
EU, ordered 400 m doses
1st deliveries October
Can make 2 billion doses
Millions already produced in India
So far
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N = 543
14 days after receiving the vaccine
91% to 100% produced neutralizing antibodies
Anti-spike IgG
These antibodies prevent viruses from infecting healthy cells
Therefore, likely to protect against COVID-19
Local and systemic reactions
No serious adverse events
Phase 3, 28 June, Brazil
Now
Final testing stage in US
Enrolment for phase 3 clinical trials opened
30,000 adults, aged 18 years or over
Diverse racial, ethnic, and geographic groups
Healthy or have stable underlying medical conditions
Randomly assigned
Saline control, or two doses of AZD1222,
Four weeks apart
Twice as many people will receive the vaccine than not
Testing for efficacy and safety
The immune responses of 3,000 evaluated in detail
Other late-stage AZD1222 trials have already begun in South Africa, Brazil, India, United Kingdom
Russia and Japan soon,
50,000 participants worldwide
THE MODERNA VACCINE CANDIDATE, MRNA-1273
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So far
One dose caused some to produce binding antibodies
Two doses caused all to produce neutralizing antibodies
August 11, US, an additional $1.5 billion
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
adenine, cytosine, uracil, guanine
Translation in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Copy of part of the virus's genetic sequence
Protected by a lipid nanoparticle
Directs cells to make a protein that works as a drug or vaccine
Now
Phase 3 clinical trials began July 27
30,000 healthy adults
2 doses
Test for safety
If the vaccine can prevent symptomatic COVID-19
? how long will antibodies last
THE PFIZER/BIONTECH VACCINE CANDIDATE, BNT162B2
US / German
US, $1.9 billion pre-order
So far
mRNA vaccine
Generates antibodies virus-neutralizing antibodies
Generates T cells
Now
Phase 3 clinical trials started July 27
30,000 health adults in the US
Expected to expand to 120 sites globally.
Two-dose regime
Encodes an optimized SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike glycoprotein
Which is the target of virus-neutralizing antibodies
To seek regulatory approval October
Up to 100 million doses by the end of October 2020
China and Russia
Skipped phase 3 trials
NYT
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