Shoulder Anatomy

Known as the pectoral girdle, the shoulder girdle forms an incomplete bony loop comprising the clavicle and scapula on each side, connected at the front by the manubrium of the sternum. This structure includes four joints:
- The sternoclavicular joint, where the sternum meets the clavicle.
- The acromioclavicular (AC) joint, located between the scapula and clavicle.
- The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, which is between the scapula and humerus.
- The scapulothoracic joint, formed between the scapula and the back of the thoracic cage.

The shoulder girdle serves as a crucial attachment point for the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and facilitates a wide range of motion, especially via the highly mobile scapulothoracic joint.

The shoulder’s muscles, which help move and stabilize the shoulder girdle, connect the appendicular skeleton of the upper limb with the axial skeleton of the trunk. The muscles on the front of the shoulder include the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior. The back and posterior shoulder house the following:
- Extrinsic muscles: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor.
- Intrinsic muscles: Deltoid, teres major, and the rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis).

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